| Category | Means | What is known |
|---|---|---|
| Kinetic, ground | Nudol (A-235 / PL-19) | Mobile missile; destroyed the satellite Kosmos 1408 in Nov. 2021 |
| Co-orbital | Inspector satellites (Nivelir programme) | Kosmos 2542/2543, 2576, 2588: follow American reconnaissance satellites; Kosmos 2543 released a projectile in 2020 |
| Laser | Peresvet | Mobile laser, in service since 2018; according to Russia intended to dazzle satellites — performance unknown |
| Electronic | e.g. Tobol, Tirada-2, Bylina; Peresvet-M | Jamming of GNSS and satellite links; the Peresvet-M jams Starlink around a site — a different system from the Peresvet laser, despite the name |
| Nuclear (suspected) | Development according to the US (2024) | A nuclear weapon in orbit would violate the Outer Space Treaty; Russia denies it |
For the analyst
Russian counterspace is a mix of proven means (Nudol, EW) and claims (Peresvet, nuclear). Separate what has been tested and observed from what only appears in speeches and propaganda.